Introduction to Bipedal Locomotion

Bipedal locomotion refers to walking on two legs in an upright position, and the only animal to do that all the time is the modern human. Our ancestor primates lived in trees and rarely set foot on the ground; our ancestor hominins moved out of those trees and lived primarily in the savannas. Walking upright all the time is thought to have been an evolutionary step forward if you will, and one of the hallmarks of being human. Scholars have often argued that walking erect is an enormous advantage. Walking erect improves communication, allows visual access to farther distances, and changes throwing behaviors. By walking upright, a hominins hands are freed to do all sorts of things, from holding babies to making stone tools to throwing weapons. American neuroscientist Robert Provine has argued that sustained voiced laughter, a trait which greatly facilitates social interactions, is only possible in bipeds because the respiration system is freed to do that in an upright position. Evidence for Bipedal Locomotion There are four main ways scholars have used to figure out whether a particular ancient hominin is primarily living in the trees or walking upright: ancient skeletal foot construction, other bone configurations above the foot, footprints of those hominins, and dietary evidence from stable isotopes. The best of these, of course, is foot construction: unfortunately, ancient ancestral bones are difficult to find under any circumstances, and foot bones are very rare indeed. Foot structures associated with bipedal locomotion include a plantar rigidity—flat foot—which means the sole stays flat from step to step. Secondly, hominins that walk on the earth generally have shorter toes than hominins who live in trees. Much of this was learned from the discovery of a nearly complete Ardipithecus ramidus, an ancestor of ours who apparently walked upright sometimes, some 4.4 million years ago. Skeletal constructions above the feet are slightly more common, and scholars have looked at the configurations of the spine, the tilt, and structure of the pelvis, and the way the femur fits into the pelvis to make assumptions about a hominins ability to walk upright. Footprints and Diet Footprints are also rare, but when they are found in a sequence, they hold evidence that reflects the gait, length of stride, and weight transfer during walking. Footprint sites include Laetoli in Tanzania (3.5-3.8 million years ago, probably Australopithecus afarensis; Ileret (1.5 million years ago) and GaJi10 in Kenya, both likely Homo erectus; the Devils Footprints in Italy, H. heidelbergensis about 345,000 years ago; and Langebaan Lagoon in South Africa, early modern humans, 117,000 years ago. Finally, a case has been made that diet infers environment: if a particular hominin ate a lot of grasses rather than fruit from trees, it is likely the hominin lived primarily in grassed savannas. That can be determined through stable isotope analysis. Earliest Bipedalism So far, the earliest known bipedal locomotor was Ardipithecus ramidus, who sometimes—but not always—walked on two legs 4.4 million years ago. Fulltime bipedalism is currently thought to have been achieved by Australopithecus, the type fossil of which is the famous Lucy, approximately 3.5 million years ago. Biologists have argued that foot and ankle bones changed when our primate ancestors came down from the trees, and that after that evolutionary step, we lost the facility to regularly climb trees without the aid of tools or support systems. However, a 2012 study by human evolutionary biologist Vivek Venkataraman and colleagues points out that there are some modern humans who do regularly and quite successfully climb tall trees, in pursuit of honey, fruit, and game. Climbing Trees and Bipedal Locomotion Venkataraman and his colleagues investigated behaviors and anatomical leg structures of two modern-day groups in Uganda: the Twa hunter-gatherers and Bakiga agriculturalists, who have coexisted in Uganda for several centuries. The scholars filmed the Twa climbing trees and used movie stills to capture and measure how much their feet flexed while tree-climbing. They found that although the bony structure of the feet is identical in both groups, there is a difference in the flexibility and length of soft tissue fibers in the feet of people who could climb trees with ease compared with those who cannot. The flexibility that allows people to climb trees only involves soft tissue, not the bones themselves. Venkataraman and colleagues caution that the foot and ankle construction of Australopithecus, for example, does not rule out tree-climbing, even though it does allow upright bipedal locomotion.   Sources Been, Ella, et al. Morphology and Function of the Lumbar Spine of the Kebara 2 Neandertal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142.4 (2010): 549-57. Print. Crompton, Robin H., et al. Human-Like External Function of the Foot, and Fully Upright Gait, Confirmed in the 3.66 Million Year Old Laetoli Hominin Footprints by Topographic Statistics, Experimental Footprint-Formation and Computer Simulation. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9.69 (2012): 707-19. Print. DeSilva, Jeremy M., and Zachary J. Throckmorton. Lucys Flat Feet: The Relationship between the Ankle and Rearfoot Arching in Early Hominins. PLoS ONE 5.12 (2011): e14432. Print. Haeusler, Martin, Regula Schiess, and Thomas Boeni. New Vertebral and Rib Material Point to Modern Bauplan of the Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton. Journal of Human Evolution 61.5 (2011): 575-82. Print. Harcourt-Smith, William E. H. Origin of Bipedal Locomotion. Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Eds. Henke, Winfried, and Ian Tattersall. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. 1919-59. Print. Huseynov, Alik, et al. Developmental Evidence for Obstetric Adaptation of the Human Female Pelvis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.19 (2016): 5227-32. Print. Lipfert, Susanne W., et al. A Model-Experiment Comparison of System Dynamics for Human Walking and Running. Journal of Theoretical Biology 292.Supplement C (2012): 11-17. Print. Mitteroecker, Philipp, and Barbara Fischer. Adult Pelvic Shape Change Is an Evolutionary Side Effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.26 (2016): E3596-E96. Print. Provine, Robert R. Laughter as an Approach to Vocal Evolution: The Bipedal Theory. Psychonomic Bulletin Review 24.1 (2017): 238-44. Print. Raichlen, David A., et al. Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal Biomechanics. PLoS ONE 5.3 (2010): e9769. Print. Venkataraman, Vivek V., Thomas S. Kraft, and Nathaniel J. Dominy. Tree Climbing and Human Evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2012). Print. Ward, Carol V., William H. Kimbel, and Donald C. Johanson. Complete Fourth Metatarsal Andarches in the Foot of Australopithecus Afarensis. Science 331 (2011): 750-53. Print. Winder, Isabelle C., et al. Complex Topography and Human Evolution: The Missing Link. Antiquity 87 (2013): 333-49. Print.

Two Different Mindsets of Parenting The Chinese and the...

The article â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior† by Amy Chua demonstrates the two different mind sets of parenting: Chinese parenting and Western approach to parenting. In my view, Chinese parenting is very strict about school work and extracurricular activities such as pianos and violins. For example, if we compare the two different sets of parenting; Chua says, for instance that Western parents believe that they are strict by forcing their kids practice their instruments for 30 minutes a day at most to an hour. This is nothing compared to the Chinese parents that would say the first hour of practice is easy it’s the second or third hour that gets tough (Chua 2011). This shows how forcefully strict the Chinese parents are compared to†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the story â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan basically speaks about a Chinese mother that makes her daughter do all different types of exercise of studies and instrumental lessons. Her motherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s way of parenting is clearly Chinese parenting style. Nothing was good enough for her; she always wanted better for her daughter. She wanted her daughter to be the best of everything and everyone. One day she was watching a TV show where a Chinese girl was playing the piano and she criticized the girl. A few days after she got her daughter piano lessons, not even asking her if she was even interested to learn how to play. All she wanted was for her child to know how to play and for surely play better then that girl on TV. This makes it seem that the mother had no control over the Chinese girl on TV, so she had to in a way force her own daughter to play the right way. Even though her daughter was against playing and had no will, she just pretended to play. The way her mother made her play the piano was the same way she was about her homework assignments making her multiply numbers, which was to find out whether she has a gift. 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Marlowe Monologue Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Marlowe Monologue Persuasive Essay A monologue from the play by Josephine Preston Peabody NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Marlowe: A Drama in Five Acts. Josephine Preston Peabody. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1901. MARLOWE: Hands off, I say! Stay then, and every devil may come to hear, And heaven may have it\s laugh! I ever speak As if there were a Something there to listen: The shadow of the little mind, grotesque, Confident, helpless, thrown upon the clouds To serve him for a god. And I have sworn There is no God. Ah, but there should be one! There should be one. And there\s the bitterness Of this unending torture-place for men; For the proud soul who craves a Perfectness That might out-wear the rotting of all things Rooted in earth, that bloom so piercing fair A little while, a little while,O God, The little while! No, something, something perfect, man or beast! What is it all, without?And what\s a man? To go a blind way seeking here and there, Spending and spending for the Beautiful, On shams and shows, and clay that worms devour; Banquet and famine, till all\s gone, all\s gone; And he is fain to fill that tortured craving With husks the swine do eat. Almighty Void! And there is nothing there for me to curse, In this despair. I tell thee, I have come Unto a horror no man dreams upon. Nothing is left and nothing is, to curse. For you may hear the crying of the wind, Crying despair and darkness round the earth, Without a hope of rest. But who has caught That torturer by the gray, ancient locks, Or who can stab the wind? Hast ever thought Of the thirst of hatred with no thing to hate? Here, here behold me with my enemy! The Void!

The Geography Of New Zealand Essay Research free essay sample

The Geography Of New Zealand Essay, Research Paper The Geography of New Zealand By Clayton Brown Kirkpatrick Period 7 February 25, 1996 The well-known state of New Zealand is a little, resourceful state located 1,000 stat mis off Australia # 8217 ; s south east seashore. New Zealand has an impressive economic system that continues to turn, a physical landscape that attracts people from around the Earth, and although little, New Zealand is a well-thought-of state for its advanced civilisation and stable authorities. The geographics of this esteemed state can be described through five chief classs, the physical geographics, the cultural geographics, the citizens # 8217 ; criterion of life, the authorities, and the state # 8217 ; s economic system. New Zealand is located in the southern hemisphere, with an absolute location of 37 grades south longitude to 48 grades south longitude and 167 grades east latitude to 177 grades east latitude. It is composed of two major islands named the North and South Islands, and the entire land country of the state, about divided every bit between the two islands, is 103,470 square stat mis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Geography Of New Zealand Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Surprisingly, merely 2 per centum of the land country is cultivable. New Zealand has an copiousness of natural resources, explicating why the state is so affluent compared to other states. These resources include fertile graze land, oil and gas, Fe, coal, lumber, and first-class fishing Waterss. New Zealand # 8217 ; s clime is fundamentally moderate twelvemonth unit of ammunition because of the nearby ocean that regulates the clime. New Zealand enjoys a marine West seashore clime, that on mean green goodss sixty to eighty degree temperatures in January and 40 to sixty degree temperatures in July. Because it is surrounded by the ocean, New Zealand receives huge measures of precipitation on both islands. The mean one-year precipitation on the North Island is 30 to forty inches and on the South Island it is 40 to fifty inches. This clime produces assorted woods, mid-latitude deciduous woods, and temperate grassland flora. The terrain is dominated by hayfields, grazing lands, wood lands, and a little concatenation of mountains called the Southern Alps. The land is blanketed with little lakes and rivers that drain the Highlandss and empty into the ocean. The extraordinary diverseness of the physical geographics found in the United States seems to hold been duplicated in this comparatively little state, where the ski inclines and the beaches may be merely an hr apart. The cultural geographics of New Zealand is non every bit diverse as its physical geographics. Presently 3,547,983 people live in New Zealand, but 83.7 per centum of the population live in urbanised countries. The main metropoliss, each incorporating more than one hundred 1000 people, are Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Manukau, and Wellington. The mean population per square stat mi is merely 34, but it is turning due to a 0.8 per centum natural growing rate. Keeping in head that merely 2 per centum of the land is cultivable, the harvest land per capita is a meager 0.125 estates per individual. Large parts of New Zealand are devoted to sheep Stationss, for there are more sheep in New Zealand than people. The official linguistic communication of New Zealand is English, although a little per centum of the people speak Maori, the native linguistic communication. Slightly matching to the linguistic communication groups, the spiritual make up is 52 per centum Christian, 15 per centum Roman Catholic, and 33 per centum unspecified or none. The state takes pride in a 99.9 per centum literacy rate by holding an first-class instruction system. The full state resides in a individual clip zone that would study 6:00 A.M. if the clip in Amarillo, Texas was noon. From the state # 8217 ; s cultural geographics, it coul vitamin D be predicted that the state would bask a good criterion of life. In 1994 the gross national merchandise of New Zealand was a prodigious 56.4 billion United State # 8217 ; s dollars, bring forthing a per capita income of $ 16,640. For every 3.2 people there is a telecasting, and for every 2.2 people there is a telephone, significance there are over 2,600,000 telecastings and telephones in New Zealand. Fortunately, 99.8 per centum of the people are able to enjoy safe imbibing H2O, including the indigens who live in rural countries. New Zealand has a superb wellness attention industry that serves as a idol to the remainder of the universe. There are soon 11,335 doctors and 31,122 infirmary beds in New Zealand, for an ample ratio of one doctor per 313 people and one infirmary bed per 114 people. The population of New Zealand is provided with plentifulness of nutrient and a healthy diet, the mean individual receives about 3,250 Calories per twenty-four hours. New Zealand has one of the highest life anticipations in the full universe, that being 74 for work forces, 80 for adult females, and 77 for any individual. Unfortunately, AIDS is a turning job in New Zealand that continues to distribute at a phenomenal rate. There have been 3,548 AIDS instances reported, impacting one out of every 1,000 people with the syndrome, non to reference the 1000s more septic with the HIV virus. New Zealand # 8217 ; s authorities has contributed to its impressive criterion of life. New Zealand achieved independency from the United Kingdom on September 26, 1907. The authorities was placed in Wellington, on the North Island, and still remains at that place today as the capital. The authorities is a constitutional monarchy that was designed to resemble the United Kingdom authorities. It includes an executive subdivision, legislative subdivision, judicial subdivision, and a King and Queen employed merely as front mans. The armed forces is divided into three subdivisions, the New Zealand ground forces, the Royal New Zealand Navy, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. Soon there are 742,871 work forces fit for military service, but merely 10,500 active military personnels in service. New Zealand has a booming economic system that is based on three chief economic activities, farm animal elevation, agriculture, and foreign trade. The economic system is about wholly dependent on the export of goods, which include wool, lamb, mouton, beef, fish, and forestry merchandises. Twenty per centum of the exports go to Australia, 15 per centum to Japan, 12 per centum to the U.S. , 6 per centum to the U.K. , and 47 per centum to other states. New Zealand # 8217 ; s pecuniary unit is the New Zealand dollar, and the exchange rate is 1.46 N.Z. dollars equals 1 U.S. dollar. With a 6.2 per centum economic growing rate, New Zealand could shortly hold one of the top five economic systems in the universe. New Zealand is among the universe # 8217 ; s finest states, because of its keen landscape and ace economic system. With an first-class criterion of life, perfect clime, and olympian terrain, New Zealand for many people is an ideal topographic point to populate. Every twelvemonth 100s of 1000s of people tour New Zealand merely to catch a glance of what many proclaim to be Eden, and after researching this study, I intend to someday be one of those tourers. Plants Cited Baerwald, Thomas, and Celeste Fraser. World Geography: A World Perspective. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995. # 8220 ; New Zealand. # 8221 ; World Fact Book ( 1995 ) . Site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.odci.gov/cia/publications/ 95fact/nz.html. Compton # 8217 ; s Learning Company. Compton # 8217 ; s Living Encyclopedia. New York: Soft Key, 1997. Famighetti, Robert. The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997. United States: World Almanac Books, 1997. Novosad, Charles. The Nystrom Desk Atlas. Chicago: Division of Hereff Jones, Inc, 1994.

The Crucible Act 3

The Crucible Act 3 Free Online Research Papers The well known novel, The crucible , is based off true events during the Salem witch trials, which took place in the early 1900’s. Many people were accused of being a witch and/or causing harm to the colonist in the Americas. In the acts that have led up to act III, many women have been accused and charged of immoral crimes. During this time era religion was a major objects in peoples’ life, it is believed that religion had an influence on the witch trials. It is also believed that the trials were to keep women from gaining to much power, they were not suppose to be the upper authority so therefore in the were in jail and/or hung they couldn’t receive power over men. At the beginning of act III Judge Hawthorne is in the court house and the trials for that day have started. First on trial is Martha Corey, accused of witchcraft, but Giles doesn’t agree with this accusation and is convinced that this is Mr. Putnam’s way of acquiring new land for himself. To solve the problem and to see if Giles Corey’s accusation is true the judge, the deputy governor, both the reverends, and Francis join Giles in the vestry room to discuss the matter at hand. While the Corey-Putnam situation is being solved to more people, Proctor and Mary Warren, enter the room. Shortly after Proctor and Ms.Warren enter the room, Mary tells the others that’s the girls and herself were only pretending to be affected by witch craft, nothing had really happened to them. The town’s authority was surprised that the girls would come up with such accusations against the towns people, Judge Danforth has asked Proctor if he has informed the town about the confession of the girl. In reaction to such lies, Paris suggest over throwing the court and Danforth questions John to see if he is conspiring to ignore the courts authority. John calmly states that he only wants to have his wife back. Cheever, who was sitting quietly watching the following events, has no problem in telling the judge that john tore up Elizabeth’s warrant for her arrest, along with the fact the Proctor breaks the law on Sunday and plows his land. Judge Danforth begins to ask John about his religion, and is shocked that John barely goes to church. John doesn’t really show any concern about what happens to himself, he just worries about his wife because he knows she isn’t guilty of witch craft, she is just a good religiously, godly woman that does as she should. To much of Proctor’s surprise the judges tell him not to worry about her, Elizabeth has claimed to be pregnant and won’t be hung until after she births her baby. Procto r is asked to drop his charge against the court but he wont, instead he returns with a protest signed by ninety-one land owning citizens of Salem, each and every person speaks of what good people Martha, Elizabeth, and Rebecca are. Rev. Paris suggest that all ninety-one people be prosecuted for this protest because it seems to attack the court and undermined authority of Salem. Later in act III, Abigail Williams is brought into the court room, she is called there by Judge Danforth. When Ms. Williams and her friends arrive she is questioned about Mary Warren’s confession, Abigail disagrees with all of it. Mary repeats that the girls are only pretending and none of this is real. To prove her true, Hawthorne ask Mary to pretend to faint for the court but she replies she can’t because she doesn’t known how to. Mary Warren is under so much pressure that she quickly says she only thought she saw spirits but it wasn’t really real. Soon Danforth tries to get Abigail to tell them all the truth but she just shivers then states that Mary had send a cold wind upon them. Knowing that Abigail and her girls are lying, Proctor stands up and yells that Abigail is a whore, and admits to his affair with her, which explained why Elizabeth fired her when she found out about the situation. John exclaims that Abigail wanted Elizabeth to be hung so sh e could take his wife’s place in the home. When John Finishes his accusations against Abigail the judge tells both of them to turn around then send for Mrs. Proctor. Upon Elizabeth’s arrival she is asked why was Abigail fired, confused she looks at John for help but is ordered to just look at the judge. Elizabeth states that she thought John had a thing for Abigail and in rage fired the child without a reason, as Mrs. Proctor leaves john yells that he confessed his sin, but the story couldn’t be changed. In all the commotion all the girls shout that Mary is sending spirits at them, that they need help. Mart begs them to stop but they just keep repeating their accusing words over and over. Everybody in the room looks around in fear and excitement, but they are confused about the fake happenings among them. Mary becomes scared with everybody’s commotion and begins to yell and shout as well. Proctor tries to help her but she moves abruptly from him and say s he is the devil’s man. She accuses John Proctor of speaking with the devil and trying to get her to join his evil ways. John is arrested after all the accusation and his confession to adultery and after trial is proven guilty among all the accusations. Research Papers on The Crucible Act 3Capital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionQuebec and CanadaMind Travel

Clean Sources of Energy Advantages and Disadvantages

Clean Sources of Energy Advantages and Disadvantages The pollution through fuel use, technology and many other aspects of civilized life has brought about many changes that humanity was not ready for, including a lessening of resources used for energy. But there are many ways to generate energy using clean sources. Solar, hydro, wind and other types of renewable resources are thought to be the cleanest ways comparing to fuel usage.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Clean Sources of Energy: Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A book titled â€Å"Wind Power† takes a look at the conversion of wind energy into electricity which is accomplished through building wind turbines, a simpler way of building windmills. This technology will allow for widespread access and a much higher energy output which will be beneficial for millions of people. The most basic way that a wind turbine works is by using the kinetic energy of the wind and tu rning it into electricity that can be used by humans. It is applied as mechanical, thermo and any other form of energy, which can be used in the agriculture and other places. Wind turbines are considered a renewable source of energy, but the sun also has great connection to the wind. The sun rays warm up the air masses, causing warmer air to rise, and as it cools down in the upper layers of the atmosphere, it sinks, thus causing a cyclical nature of air masses (Morris, 2006). With all the advantages there are also some disadvantages, but the positives highly outweigh the negative sides. One benefit of wind power is its cleanest conversion and/or production of energy. The amount of wind power is a renewable source. It is quiet, safe for people and animals, as well as for the planet. It is a known fact that wind turbines do not need any fossil fuels. The book rightly reminds that windmills can be built on mountains and on the sea, allowing for widespread usage, as the territory covere d by water is enormous. This provides for minimal interaction with human populations and all other living things. An article titled â€Å"Weaknesses  and  Reform  of  Australias Renewable Electricity  Support† talks about the prospects of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and relying on renewable electricity. The qualities of environments in the world are noted and the article makes a particular focus on the energy use industry, its modes and the effects that it has on the surrounding nature and people. The air pollution is already a problem in many countries. Australia has developed many strategies to help reduce toxic air emissions and one of them is to promote and establish clean coal burning technologies and implement them. It is a fact that â€Å"In 2006, Australia was the second, most coal dependent OECD country with respect to electricity generation† (Buckman, 2010). This is an alarming fact, as Australia is one of the most modernized countries. The use of coal is increasing and the rise is considered in the near future.Advertising Looking for critical writing on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When comparing several outputs of electricity, it is clearly evident there are new installments that are being made every day. Solar and thermal renewable sources have a great capacity for generating electricity, especially in Australia. As such, the future is planned to have all aspects of the country involved: industrial areas, private boilers and furnaces in largely populated places. The article confirms that the accumulation of the waste materials and pollution to the environment will constantly grow, reaching levels that will be hard to control. The results have shown a steady deterioration of quality in both types of energy use, but coal usage has shown to be much more detrimental to people and environment. A report on â€Å"Room for Climate Advocates in a Coal Focused Economy? NGO Influence on Australian Climate Policy† mentions the current conditions with filtration systems, plant emissions management and future possibilities. It reasonably states that electricity is the much needed energy source, and its production must be made easy and accessible. The report does provide sufficient insight on the possible ways of using different types of energy. The comparison is made between coal energy and the renewable energy plants. Also, it is easy to see the pattern in changes and effects on the surrounding environment and people working in the energy industry in accordance with climate change (Hall Taplin, 2008). It is acknowledged that the Earth is seeing a major depletion in the natural resources and fossil fuels are becoming a source of energy that must be greatly counted, due to the decreasing numbers. There are many known ways to produce energy that are not so polluting, such as hydro electric stations, wind power , Sun energy and nuclear power plants. This is a legitimate source for renewable energy, but there are negative sides. Unfortunately, some availability is underdeveloped and others sound extreme. Climate change and emission standards are topics that are discussed with real care and people are hesitant to rely on clean energy alone. The most important point to consider is that the accumulation of waste materials and pollution to the environment will constantly grow, reaching levels that will be hard to control. It is difficult to reverse the process, but it can be sustained for longer periods, both waste and energy wise. NGO reports are much needed because these are based on most benefit for the greatest amount of people. The organizations are there for the public, thus the interest in clean energy is shared.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Clean Sources of Energy: Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Buckman, G 2010, ‘Weaknesses and Reform of Australias Renewable Electricity Support’, Journal of Australian Political Economy, no. 66. n.p. Hall, N Taplin, R 2008, ‘Room for Climate Advocates in a Coal-Focused Economy? NGO Influence on Australian Climate Policy’, Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 43, no. 3. n.p. Morris, N. 2006. Wind Power, Black Rabbit Books, North Mankato, MN.

What impact did the Counter Reformation have on religious art and Essay

What impact did the Counter Reformation have on religious art and architecture in Venice - Essay Example de that separated the â€Å"elite† and â€Å"universal† religion on one side and the â€Å"popular† and â€Å"local† religious practices on the other side that involved both Protestants and Catholics in many parts of Europe.1 (William A. Christian, Jr., 1981) Jean Delumeau,2 a reputed French historian, believed that Counter Reformation was more of â€Å"cultural domination† that was used to convert the masses to Christianity. According to him it was a fundamental breaking away from medieval Christianity that was practiced by a greater majority of people. In this context, art and architecture during this period was greatly influenced and changed according to the changes made in society. For example, during the period of 1450 – 1660, art and architecture moved away from the mystical elements of medieval Catholicism and ushered in an era of progressive minds whose sculptures and paintings was based on a naturalistic approach based on scientific study. The Medieval period saw theorists approach and gauge artistic values in a more theoretical manner that mostly emphasized the spiritual, religious, and moral teachings of the Church. However, during the period of the 1420’s, art and architecture was viewed from a very different perspective that was based on naturalism. Anthony Blunt3 (1985) in his book titled ‘Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450 – 1660’ sheds light on Leon Battista Alberti’s writings explaining about the changes that took place in Italy in the field of art and architecture due to the influence brought about by the social, cultural and political changes that were ushered in by the Reformation. He explains that Alberti adopted a Humanistic approach in all of his writings on architecture, paintings and sculpture. Three of his best treatises were – a painting - Della Pittura di Leon Battista Alberti Libri tre, written in 1436, the ten books of architecture, De Re Aedificatoria written in 1450 and a pamphlet on sculpture, De Statua which he probably